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Fractional powers are collected with minimal, positive exponents. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import cos, sin >>> from sympy.abc import x >>> from sympy.integrals.heurisch import components >>> components(sin(x)*cos(x)**2, x) {x, sin(x), cos(x)} See Also ======== heurisch )sethas_free is_symbolis_commutativeadd is_Function is_Derivativeargs componentsis_Powbaser is_Integer is_Rationalrq)fxresultgs ]/home/mcse/projects/flask/flask-venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/integrals/heurisch.pyrVrV-s3,UFzz!} ;;1++ JJqM$ M#]]aooVV +*Q** + JJqM MXX j+ +F55##55$$JJqvvx15577';;< M j2aS88F MVV +*Q** + Mzdict[str, list[Dummy]]_symbols_cachec  t|}t||kr7|jt d|t|fzt||kr7|d|S#t$rg}|t|<Y`wxYw)z*get vector of symbols local to this modulez%s%iN)rbKeyErrorlenappendr )namenlsymss r`_symbolsrj`sx%t$ e*q. eFdCJ%778: e*q. !9 %$t%s AA,+A,Nc ddlm} m} t|}|j |s||zSt ||||||||| } t | ts| Sg} t| | D]} | | | gd|fz } | s| Stt| } g}| |D]} || | gd|fz }| Dcgc] }||vs| } }| s| St| dkDrTg}| D]>}|j|jDcgc]\}}t||c}}@| |d|f| z} g}| D]}t |j!||||||||| }t#|jDcgc]\}}t||c}}}t%|jDcgc]\}}t'||c}}}|t)|j!||}|j+||ft|dk(r't ||||||||| f|dddfg}t-|S|j+t ||||||||| dft-|S#t$rYwxYw#t$rYwxYwcc}wcc}}wcc}}wcc}}w)a A wrapper around the heurisch integration algorithm. Explanation =========== This method takes the result from heurisch and checks for poles in the denominator. For each of these poles, the integral is reevaluated, and the final integration result is given in terms of a Piecewise. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import cos, symbols >>> from sympy.integrals.heurisch import heurisch, heurisch_wrapper >>> n, x = symbols('n x') >>> heurisch(cos(n*x), x) sin(n*x)/n >>> heurisch_wrapper(cos(n*x), x) Piecewise((sin(n*x)/n, Ne(n, 0)), (x, True)) See Also ======== heurisch r)solvedenomsT)dictexcluderM)sympy.solvers.solversrlrmrrOheurisch isinstancer rNotImplementedErrorlistr?reextenditemsrsubsr=r>rrKrfr9)r\r]rewritehintsmappingsretries degree_offsetunnecessary_permutations _try_heurischrlrmresslnsdslns0seqssub_dictkeyvaluepairsexprcondgenerics r`heurisch_wrapperrns:4 A ::a=s 1a%7M+] I,;I1 +I7 I= II I)(I)c(eZdZdZdZdZdZdZy) BesselTablez~ Derivatives of Bessel functions of orders n and n-1 in terms of each other. See the docstring of DiffCache. cri|_td|_td|_|j y)Nrhz)tabler rhr _create_table)selfs r`__init__zBesselTable.__init__s+ ss rac|j|j|j}}}ttt t fD]@}||dz |||||z|z z |dz ||dz |z|z |||z f||<Bt}||dz |||||z|z z |dz ||dz |z|z |||zf||<t}||dz | ||||z|z z |dz ||dz |z|z |||z f||<ttfD]C}||dz ||dz|||z|z z |dz ||dz |z|z |||z f||<Ey)NrM) rrhrr)r*r-r.r+r,r/r0)trrhrr\s r`rzBesselTable._create_tablesggqssACC!q7GW5 5A!A#q Aa1gIaK/1a!Qi)AaG35E!H 5 ac1I!Aq' ! +qS!AaC)OA%!Q/1a qsAYJ1Q71,qS!AaC)OA%!Q/1ab 5A!A#q QqS!Aq'M!O31a!Qi)AaG35E!H 5rac||jvrP|j|\}}|j|f|j|fg}|j||j|fSyN)rrhrrw)rr\rhrdiff0diff1repls r`diffszBesselTable.diffssZ <771:LE5SS!HqssAh'DJJt$ejj&67 7 rac||jvSr)r)rr\s r`haszBesselTable.hassAGG|raN)__name__ __module__ __qualname____doc__rrrrrar`rrs 5"8 rarceZdZdZdZdZy) DiffCacheau Store for derivatives of expressions. Explanation =========== The standard form of the derivative of a Bessel function of order n contains two Bessel functions of orders n-1 and n+1, respectively. Such forms cannot be used in parallel Risch algorithm, because there is a linear recurrence relation between the three functions while the algorithm expects that functions and derivatives are represented in terms of algebraically independent transcendentals. The solution is to take two of the functions, e.g., those of orders n and n-1, and to express the derivatives in terms of the pair. To guarantee that the proper form is used the two derivatives are cached as soon as one is encountered. Derivatives of other functions are also cached at no extra cost. All derivatives are with respect to the same variable `x`. cBi|_||_ts tayyr)cacher] _bessel_tabler)rr]s r`rzDiffCache.__init__s! 'MMrac|j}||vr ||St|drtj|js,t |j |j||<||S|j\}}tj|j||\}}|j|}||z||<||z||j |dz |<||S)NfuncrM) rhasattrrrrrDdiffr]rUrget_diff)rr\rrhrd0d1dzs r`rzDiffCache.get_diffs  : Qx!V$!!!&&)affTVVn-E!HQx 66DAq"((A6FBq!B"uE!H$&rEE!&&1a. !QxraN)rrrrrrrrar`rrs,*rarc D56789:;<=>?@At|}|dur>|jtttt t tttt ry|j|s||zS|js|j|\} }ntj} t t"t$ft&t(t*t,ft.i} |r+| j1D]\} } |j3| | }n(| j5D]} |j| snd}t7||} t9|}||st;d|g}t;d|g}t;d|g}t=| D]}|j>rotA|tBr|jDdjG|||zz}|H| jI|tC|||||zz|||||zzd||z ztK||d ztM|||||zzz||z zz ztA|tNs|jDdjG||d zz}|c||jPr*| jItStU|||zn*| jItWtU|| |z|jDdjG||d zz||zz|z}|||jPr}| jItUtXd z || ztO||||d zd ||zz z ztStU|||z||d tU||zz zzn||jZr~| jItUtXd z || ztO||||d zd ||zz z ztWtU|| |z||d tU|| zz z z|jDdjG|tM|d zz}|||jPrG| jItStU||tM|zd d tU||zz z||jZs5| jItWtU|| tM|zd d tU|| zz z |j\s|jNj^s|jNj`d k(s|jbjG||d zz|z}|||jPr~||jPr0| jItetU||||z |zn?||jZr0| jItgtU|| ||z |z|jbjG||d zz|z }|||jPs||jPrd tU|||d zz||z z }tMd tU||ztU|||d zz||z zd ||z|zztU||z 5||jh5<| jI5K||jZs\| jI|| d z tU|| ztktU|| |ztU|||d zz||z z zn| t=|z} t=| D] }| t7|jm||z} "tod tq| 6tstutstwtytw| 6Dcgc]}|dj|d |fc}d <stA| t&rd|d || d zz<2tA| t.rd|d || z<d|d || z <_tA| tspd||| <|||55j\}!}":;}#:|"}$t=ts|$|#dgzts|j5z}%|#dt|j1Dcgc] \}}|s | c}}z}&|&|!|"fD'cgc]}'|'j6}(}'d|(vry|(D'cgc]}'|'jc}'\}}}|&|$dz7|$d zj?9fd99||t||z}*})|)d kDr-|*d kDr(ttyt6|)|*zd z |z}+n$ttyt6|)|*z|z}+todtq|+>tt|+D,cgc] \}},>||,zc},}@t=Aty|%D]:}-t|-g6\}.}/AjI|.Ajd|/D<d568;>?@Afd }0td6Dr5jt=6z }1nR5j}2|2jttw6d6Dj|2jz}1|1s|0d}3|3|0}3n|0}3|3O|3j|}4t|4j}4|4jr|4j|d }4| |4zS|dk\rt||||||d z |}|| |zSycc}wcc}}wcc}wcc}wcc}wcc}wcc}}wcc}'wcc}'wcc},}w)a- Compute indefinite integral using heuristic Risch algorithm. Explanation =========== This is a heuristic approach to indefinite integration in finite terms using the extended heuristic (parallel) Risch algorithm, based on Manuel Bronstein's "Poor Man's Integrator". The algorithm supports various classes of functions including transcendental elementary or special functions like Airy, Bessel, Whittaker and Lambert. Note that this algorithm is not a decision procedure. If it isn't able to compute the antiderivative for a given function, then this is not a proof that such a functions does not exist. One should use recursive Risch algorithm in such case. It's an open question if this algorithm can be made a full decision procedure. This is an internal integrator procedure. You should use top level 'integrate' function in most cases, as this procedure needs some preprocessing steps and otherwise may fail. Specification ============= heurisch(f, x, rewrite=False, hints=None) where f : expression x : symbol rewrite -> force rewrite 'f' in terms of 'tan' and 'tanh' hints -> a list of functions that may appear in anti-derivate - hints = None --> no suggestions at all - hints = [ ] --> try to figure out - hints = [f1, ..., fn] --> we know better Examples ======== >>> from sympy import tan >>> from sympy.integrals.heurisch import heurisch >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> heurisch(y*tan(x), x) y*log(tan(x)**2 + 1)/2 See Manuel Bronstein's "Poor Man's Integrator": References ========== .. [1] https://www-sop.inria.fr/cafe/Manuel.Bronstein/pmint/index.html For more information on the implemented algorithm refer to: .. [2] K. Geddes, L. Stefanus, On the Risch-Norman Integration Method and its Implementation in Maple, Proceedings of ISSAC'89, ACM Press, 212-217. .. [3] J. H. Davenport, On the Parallel Risch Algorithm (I), Proceedings of EUROCAM'82, LNCS 144, Springer, 144-157. .. [4] J. H. Davenport, On the Parallel Risch Algorithm (III): Use of Tangents, SIGSAM Bulletin 16 (1982), 3-6. .. [5] J. H. Davenport, B. M. Trager, On the Parallel Risch Algorithm (II), ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 11 (1985), 356-362. See Also ======== sympy.integrals.integrals.Integral.doit sympy.integrals.integrals.Integral sympy.integrals.heurisch.components TNa)robcrrMr]c3pKtD]}|Dcgc] }|D]}| c}}ycc}}wwrr)ijmappings r`_iter_mappingsz heurisch.._iter_mappingss;!'* 0"#/QQ/q/q// 0/s 606c&|jSr)rw)rrs r` _substitutezheurisch.._substitutesyy!!rac3<K|]}|jywr) is_polynomial).0hVs r` zheurisch..s3qq"3sct||gSr)rB)pr[rs r`zheurisch..sAq 1 ra)rxryr}c ~ttDcgc]\}}||j|zc}}Scc}}wr)rzipr)rrvrnumerss r` _derivationzheurisch.._derivations2FA@1a!&&)m@AA@s9 cD]}|j|s|tjus.|j|j \}}|t ||j |jzcS|Sr)rrZeroas_poly primitiverAras_expr)ryrr[r _deflationrs r`rzheurisch.._deflation sz AA5581~QVV+yy|--/1!!}SAFF1I%6%>%>%@@@  Arac 4D]}|j|s |tjus/|j|j \}}|j }t | ||}t|t ||j|||} |}|j|jdk(r|d||dzfcS t||z }|d|dz|z|d|dzfcStj|fS)NrrM) rrrrrrrAr@rdegreerDOne) rrrr[rrc_splitq_splitrr _splitters r`rzheurisch.._splitter+s  HA5581~QVV+yy|--/1IIK;q>1-3q!&&)Q/3#A,99Q<&&(A-#AJGAJ77#F1q5M2 71:-a/GAJ1FGG' H*qzraFc|jr|jjr|jjdk7r|jjdkDr0|jj|jjzdz St |jj|jjzSy|j s*|jrtfd|jDSy)NrMrc3.K|] }|ywrr)rr _exponents r`rz.heurisch.._exponent..ms4y|4s) rWrrZr[rabsis_AtomrUmax)r_rs r`rzheurisch.._exponentcs 88uu  QUUWW\5577Q;5577QUUWW,q00quuww011qvv4QVV44 4raAc3&K|] \}}| ywrr)rfactmuls r`rzheurisch..s894$8sc Ft}t}|dk(r t%}nit}t}t%D]F}|tt|z}t|D]}tt|||}||z}FHgg} } t|D]}t |t d} | j t tj} | s<| j tjtj} | jt s| jt r|j| | f|j||r|j\} } | | f|vr_|j| | f| jr| } |j| | z| | zz|jt| | z n|j| t | zz|rt!dt#|}t!dt#|}t%t't)t||D]C\}}|js"j+|| j+|t-|zEt%t't)t||D]:\}}|js"j+|| j+||z<$#z t/| zt/| z} |!z z }|j1d}t"tztfd |t3d \}}t7"|}t7|} |j9|}t=|j?|d }|y|jA|jAtCt)"tjgt#"zS#t4$rYywxYw#t:$rt4wxYw) NQ)filterF)evaluateBCrc|js |jry|vry|jsj|y|js|j s |j r tt|jytr) rYrZrOrRis_Addis_MulrWrtmaprUrE)r find_non_symsnon_symssymss r`rz3heurisch.._integrate..find_non_symssg$"2"2"T]]D) T" t{{S 23&%raT)field)_raw)"rNrrrGr<rgetrrrrrRremovepopcould_extract_minus_signrrjrereversedrtrrfrras_numer_denomrJrErH from_expr ValueErrorrIcoeffsxreplacern)&ratansr irreduciblessetVpolyzVrrlog_part atan_partmrr]rrrr candidater raw_numerground_ coeff_ringringnumersolutionrrrFrrdenom poly_coeffs poly_denom poly_part reducibless& @@@r` _integratezheurisch.._integrates C<z?Lq6D5L + C T 233 ALq?@A A%L !")L) *Da%0Aa AEE!%%(558quuQx 1a&!##D) *99;DAqA2w% a!W%--/A  1qs+ $qs)$  QqS) S#l+ , S#e* % S)>%B CD /GD!txx|""1%CI . /  S%; <= +GD!txx|""1%  T* +j(3>9COK I&. .$$&q) ;#a&(5 & ? ) $)>IFAk62 :& "NN9-E!%H  %%h/88Sqvvhs;/?&?@AC C!   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